Mo, Israele, contraddizioni sociali, proteste
Proteste di massa inondano Israele
– In Israele, dal 2008 il prezzo di un appartamento medio è salito del 55%, quello degli affitti del 27%, molto oltre gli aumenti salariali.
– La penuria di alloggi a prezzi sostenibili deriva dalla scelta politica dei successivi governi israeliani – laburisti, del Likud o di Kadima seguiti agli accordi di Oslo del 1993, di incoraggiare gli israeliani a spostarsi negli insediamenti della West Bank, Gaza e Alture del Golan, anziché edificare in Israele. Con la recente bolla speculativa edilizia i prezzi sono salti alle stelle.
– Nell’area di Tel Aviv solo il 3% delle costruzioni dell’ultimo decennio è stato di edilizia popolare; nel 2006-2009 non ne è stato costruito alcuno.
– Le proteste di massa, in corso da due settimane a Tel Aviv e Gerusalemme contro il costo degli alloggi, di proprietà o in affitto, ha visto sabato scorso un corteo di 40 000 manifestanti, soprattutto giovani, la maggiore manifestazione da anni, con slogan: “abitazioni decenti, prezzi equi”
o Organizzata originalmente dalla piccola e media borghesia di quartieri eleganti di Tel Aviv, la protesta è stata presa in mano dall’Associazione Nazionale degli studenti universitari che per denunciare il problema ha creato tendopoli in tutto il paese coinvolgendo la popolazione e gli studenti di tutto il paese;
o ha ricevuto l’appoggio di gruppi giovanili, rappresentanti del movimento ultra-ortodosso Haredi, organizzazioni di donne, operatori sociali che sono scesi in sciopero la scorsa primavera, cittadini e medici, in sciopero da settimane; avrebbero aderito ai cortei anche membri di tribù beduine.
– L’ampio appoggio alla protesta ha costretto il primo ministro Netanyahu a cancellare la visita in Polonia, e a riconoscere le ragioni delle proteste, e fare una serie di promesse:
o uno sconto del 50% sui terreni controllati dal governo, la riduzione dei prezzi dei trasporti pubblici e incentivi per i proprietari di edifici commerciali; ha promesso 50 000 nuovi alloggi entro 18 mesi, compresi 10 000 per gli studenti.
– Le diseguaglianze sociali in Israele sono ad un livello inedito: il Jerusalem Post ha definito la protesta per le abitazioni “una goccia nel mare delle ingiustizie”,
o tra queste il forte aumento dei prezzi degli alimentari; il costo della vita e salario minimo.
– La nuova elite israeliana è rappresentata da trust controllati di 20 grandi famiglie che controllano ¼ delle società quotate alla Borsa di Tel Aviv, le maggiori banche, assicurazioni, industrie high tech e sevizi, società immobiliari.
o 16 dei miliardari internazionali sono israeliani che controllano questi gruppi; nel 2010 gli alti dirigenti dei 25 maggiori gruppi avevano una retribuzione 90 volte il salario medio.
– Nel 2009, il PIL pro-capite israeliano era di $29 550, al 24° posto dei 34 paesi OCSE,
– ma al contempo in Israele si registrano i livelli più alti di povertà e ineguaglianza dell’OCSE.
– Le nuove industrie di Israele, legate alla spesa militare pari al 7,3% del PIL, hanno fornito lauti profitti ai proprietari, mentre impiegano meno del 10% della forza lavoro totale, che pure ha salari privilegiati di $5 150 al mese;
o il 75% dei salariati ha un salario mensile di $1700 o inferiore; dal 2000 il monte salari è sceso dal 68% al 63% del PIL.
– Ci sono circa 300 000 lavoratori immigrati chiamati a sostituire forza lavoro palestinese: badanti filippine, operai edili cinesi e rumeni, africani nell’alberghiero.
– gli ebrei del Medio Oriente e Nord Africa, conosciuti come ebrei Mizrahi, hanno un reddito inferiore del 40% a quello degli ebrei Askenazi di origine europea, e vivono in aree periferiche.
– I palestinesi israeliani delle città hanno un reddito inferiore del 30% dei loro corrispondenti Mizrahi e del 50% degli Azkenazi.
– Peggio ancora i beduini nel Sud, soprattutto quelli che abitano nei cosiddetti villaggi non riconosciuti, senza vie di accesso, infrastrutture pubbliche, servizi governativi, come scuole …
– Gli ebrei ultra-ortodossi, gli Haredim, hanno il maggior livello di povertà, in gran parte perché on lavorano e vivono di sussidi statali.
– Altri gruppi in povertà sono gli immigrati dall’ex Urss e dall’Etiopia, circa 100 000.
– Il sindacato Histadrut, che non ha difeso economicamente i lavoratori, si è mosso in seguito alle attuali proteste, minacciando uno sciopero generale per il 1° agosto, se Netanyahu rifiuta il dialogo, ma dichiarando che non ha intenzione di far cadere il governo.
– Thousands are taking to the streets of Tel Aviv and Jerusalem to protest the high cost of housing, despite Israeli Prime Minister Benyamin Netanyahu’s promises of reforms.
– The rent protests began two weeks ago. Tent cities have sprung up across the country to highlight the housing shortage and extortionate rents. What started as a largely middle class protest in Tel Aviv’s smart Rothschild Boulevard has been taken up by the National Union[e] of University Students, which set up tent cities involving local people and students throughout Israel.
– The protests have won widespread support—from youth groups, representatives of the ultra-orthodox Haredi movement, women’s organizations, social workers who went on strike last spring, residents and doctors who have been on strike for weeks. There were reports that Bedouin tribesmen had joined the marchers in outlying towns. A poll by Ha’aretz showed that 87 percent of Israelis support the tent city protests.
– Last Saturday, 40,000 mainly young people marched from the tent city on Rothschild Boulevard towards the Tel Aviv Museum in the biggest political rally seen in years. They chanted slogans such as “Proper housing, Legitimate prices”, “The power is with the citizen”, and “This generation demands housing”. Some of the marchers demanded Netanyahu’s resignation.
– Speakers called for the government to intervene in the property market to bring down prices, introduce rent controls and require developers to include affordable housing in their construction plans. Scuffles broke out when police tried to forcibly remove hundreds of protesters from the intersection of Kaplan and Ibn Gvirol streets. Eleven face charges of “illegal gathering”.
– Since 2008, the price of an average apartment has gone up by 55 percent and rent by 27 percent, far in excess of wage increases.
– Since the 1993 Oslo Accords, successive governments—Labour, Likud or Kadima—encouraged Israelis to move to the settlements in the West Bank, Gaza and the Golan Heights, rather than build in Israel. This led to a shortage of new affordable housing in the outlying areas and an increase in prices and rent. The recent property bubble has seen house prices in the prime areas rocket.
– Within the Tel Aviv area, only three percent of the construction over the last decade was public housing. Not one public housing unit was built between 2006 and 2009.
– Such was the scale of support for the protests that Netanyahu was forced to cancel his visit to Poland earlier this week. On Tuesday, Netanyahu was forced to acknowledge that the protests were “justified” and to promise reforms and housing construction to help young marrieds, military veterans, students and the homeless.
– He said that the government would subsidise a 50 percent discount on government-controlled lands designated for affordable housing for both purchase and rental, reduce the cost of public transport, and provide incentives for commercial property owners to convert their buildings into residences. Netanyahu claimed that 50,000 new housing units would become available within 18 months, including 10,000 units for students. But the plans, even if they materialise, will have no immediate effect.
– The protests are fuelled by the desperate situation facing millions of Israelis, while social inequality has reached unprecedented levels. The Jerusalem Post called the housing protest just a “drop in the sea of injustices” that also included rising food prices, the cost of living and the minimum wage. A recent report published by Adva, “Israel in a nutshell”, confirms that this crisis is systemic.
– The turn from a nationally regulated economy dominated by state expenditure to market reforms in 1985 has spawned a new business elite made up of 20 major family-controlled trusts that control a quarter of the companies listed on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, the major banks, insurance companies, high-tech industries and services, and property companies. Most of the investment is concentrated around Tel Aviv.
– Sixteen of the world’s billionaires are Israelis who control these corporations. The top executives in the 25 largest corporations were paid more than 90 times the average wage in 2010.
– With high growth rates in recent years, the economic figures look good—on paper. Israel has a GDP per capita of $29,500 in 2009 that put Israel at 24 out of the 34 OECD countries, but it has one of the highest levels of poverty and inequality in the OECD.
– Israel’s new industries, developed on the back of military expenditure equal to 7.3 percent of GDP, have generated enormous wealth for their owners, while marginalising the majority of the population. These industries employ less than 10 percent of the workforce, so that, while wages in these industries are relatively high at $5,150 per month, this is far from the norm.
– Israel is a predominantly low-wage economy, with 75 percent of workers earning $1,700 or less a month. Wages have fallen from 68 percent of national income in 2000 to 63 percent in 2010. This is equivalent to the loss of NIS 976 a month.
– Israeli society is wracked by divisions. Jews from the Middle East and North Africa, known as Mizrahi Jews, earn 40 percent less than the Ashkenazi Jews of European origin. They live in the peripheral “development towns” that lack the most basic social amenities, and do less well in school.
– Israel’s Palestinians are worse off still. Urban Israeli Palestinians earn about 30 percent less than their Mizrahi and 50 percent less their Ashkenazi counterparts. The Bedouins in the south are even worse off, particularly those living in the so-called “unrecognized” villages that have no access roads, no municipal infrastructure, and no governmental services like education.
– The ultra-orthodox Jews, the Haredim, have the highest rate of poverty, largely because so few work, living off state subsidies for those enrolled in religious educational institutions. Other impoverished groups include immigrants from the former Soviet Union[e] and Ethiopia, who number about 100,000.
– Finally, there are 300,000 migrant workers brought in to replace Palestinian labour—Filipino females caring for the elderly, Chinese and Romanians working in construction, and Africans working in the hospitality sector. Government inspectors turn a blind eye to unscrupulous employers who ignore Israel’s minimal labour laws.
– The Histadrut, the trade union[e] federation, has not raised a finger to defend the economic position of the Israeli working class. It has called off several general strikes in this year alone. Now, when workers and youth are refusing to tolerate these conditions any longer, Histadrut Chairman Ofer Eini has stepped in to wrest control of the movement in a transparent bid to stifle it.
– He has called for a general strike on August 1, supported by the Union[e] of Local Authorities, unless Netanyahu agrees to hold talks. Eini’s sole aim is to seek some accommodation with the government. He insisted in a radio interview that he has no intention of “bringing down the government”.
– The growing social movement punctures the myth, so assiduously created, that Israel is somehow different from the rest of the Middle East and North Africa. The social crisis in Israel is intimately bound up with the social, economic and political developments taking place throughout the region, and is fuelled by the deep social grievances and impoverishment of the Israeli people.
– As in the mass movements that began in Egypt and Tunisia, class questions are now coming to the fore. The fundamental question is the elaboration of an independent political perspective that articulates the interests of working people, not those of the business elite. It means rejecting the perspective advanced by the Histadrut of putting pressure on the government, and the ongoing efforts to foster the nationalistic sentiments that serve to divide workers in Israel between Jews and Arabs and the Israeli working class from their brothers and sisters throughout the region.
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